0/1 knapsack problem using dynamic approach

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Principles of Congestion Control

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In this section, we consider the problem of congestion control in a general context, seeking to understand why congestion is a "bad thing,"   how network congestion is manifested in the performance received by upper-layer applications, and various approaches that can be taken to avoid, or react to, network congestion. This more general study of congestion control is appropriate since, as with reliable data transfer, it is high on the "top-10" list of fundamentally important problems in networking. The Causes and the "Costs" of Congestion: Congestion control can be studied by examining three increasingly complex scenarios in which congestion occurs.  In each case, we'll look at why congestion occurs in the first place, and the  "cost" of congestion (in terms of  resources not fully utilized and poor performance received by the end systems). Scenario 1: Two senders, a router with infinite buffers We begin by considering perhaps the s...
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Go-Back-N Protocol Vs Selective Repeat Protocol

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“Go-Back-N Protocol and “Selective Repeat Protocol” are the sliding window protocols. The sliding window protocol is primarily an error control protocol, i.e. it is a method of error detection and error correction. The basic difference between go-back-n protocol and selective repeat protocol is that the “go-back-n protocol” retransmits all the frames that lie after the frame which is damaged or lost. The “selective repea t protocol” retransmits only that frame which is damaged or lost. Key Differences Between Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat Go-Back-N protocol is design to retransmit all the frames that are arrived after the damaged or a lost frame. On the other hand, Selective Repeat protocol retransmits only that frame that is damaged or lost. If the error rate is high i.e. more frames are being damaged and then retransmitting all the frames that arrived after a damaged frame waste the lots of bandwidth. On the other hand, selective repeat protocol re-transmits only damaged fra...
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Block Cipher Vs Stream Cipher

Block Cipher and Stream Cipher are the methods used for converting the plain text into cipher text directly and belong to the family of symmetric key ciphers. The major difference between a block cipher and a stream cipher is that the block cipher encrypts and decrypts a block of the text at a time. On the other hand, stream cipher encrypts and decrypts the text by taking the one byte of the text at a time. Key Differences Between Block Cipher and Stream Cipher Block cipher technique involves encryption of one block of text at a time, i.e. singly. Similarly, decrypt the text by taking one block after another. In contrast, Stream cipher technique involves encryption and decryption of one byte of the text at a time. Block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion while stream cipher relies only on confusion. The usual size of the block could be 64 or 128 bits in the Block cipher. As against, 1 byte (8 bits) at a time is converted in the stream cipher. Block cipher uses...
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